Bio 1107 OBJECTIVES FOR TEST 2

1. Know the structure of membrane and what kind of molecules make up the membrane.

2. Define diffusion and osmosis and give example of each.

3. Define the word isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic and give examples of each.

4. Know the role of carrier protein in transportation across the membrane.

5. Differentiate between passive and active transport.

6. Define endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

7. Know that energy cannot be created or destroyed but is converted from one form to another along with wasted energy in form of heat.

8. Know that ATP is broken down to ADP when energy is released and in conversion of ADP to ATP, energy is used up or absorbed.

9. Know the molecular nature of enzymes and give one example of enzymes.

10. Know what enzymes do in the cell.

11. Know what factors affect the activity of enzymes.

12. Differentia between two kinds of enzyme inhibition.

13. Know that aerobic cellular respiration involves conversion of glucose to carbon dioxide and water along with 38 ATP molecules.

14. Define the 3 major steps of respiration (glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain) and know where they do take place.

15. Know how many NADH, FADH and ATP is produced in glycolysis and Krebs cycle and how many ATP molecules are produced per NADH and FADH in electron transport chain.

16. Know how fats are broken down and enter the Krebs cycle.

17. Define fermentation and give example of its products.

18. Define the words autotroph and heterotroph.

19. Give the general equation for photosynthesis.

20. Give the names of two plant pigments and know that they absorb the energy of sun.

21. Know where photosynthesis happens and name the different parts of chloroplasts.

22. Know that photosynthesis can be divided into light-dependent and light-independent reactions.

23. Know that ATP and NADPH are produced during light-dependent reaction.

24. Know that carbohydrates (sugars) are produced during light-independent reactions.

25. Calvin cycle is the reaction cycle in which sugars are produced from CO₂.

26. Know that light-dependent reactions can be divided into photosystems I & II.

27. Know that in photosystem II, ADP is converted to ATP and during photosystem I, NADP⁺ is converted to NADPH.

28. Know the name of the enzyme involved in ATP synthesis.

29. Give examples of plants with C₃, C₄ and CAM photosynthesis.

30. State why photosynthesis is so important for human life on earth.